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What types of stresses will be applied to the fixture?.When vibration or sudden impact are part of the load conditions, the spacing between anchors should be increased. The expansion anchor industry has established a minimum standard of ten (10) anchor diameters for spacing between anchors and five (5) anchor diameters from any unsupported edge.Will the fixture be close to an unsupported edge?.When fastening to a ceiling be sure to consider if there will be movement to consider. When fastening to a wall, shear strength must be considered in addition to tension strength. Different stresses are applied to a fixture in different applications.Will the fixture be fastened to a floor, wall or ceiling?.Stainless Steel should be utilized for areas subject to possible contact with chemicals.Galvanized and Stainless Steel are acceptable for outdoor use.Zinc is acceptable for indoor use where there is no risk of chemicals.Will the fixture be indoors, outdoors or subjected to chemical elements?.Location plays a critical role in determining the type and material of the anchor used.What is the location of the fixture to be fastened?.It is typical within the industry to leave at least 10 anchor diameters between anchors. Be careful, however, that the anchors are not placed too close together. When in doubt, it is best to use more anchors. Additional anchors may be warranted, not because of weight, but because of the size of the fixture. Example: If a fixture weighing 100 pounds needs to be anchored and the safe working load of the anchor selected is 50 pounds, then at least 2 anchors will be needed to safely secure the fixture.Size and weight of the fixture (or what is to be the load on the fixture, as in shelving) are critical in determining not only the type of anchor needed but the number of anchors needed per application.What is the size and weight of the fixture to be fastened?.Once the characteristics of the base material have been determined, the next step is to address the properties of the fixture. What type of fixture will you be fastening?.For Solid Core base material it is recommended that the thickness of the base material be at least 125% of the anchor embedment depth. NOTE: For Hollow Core base material it is critical to have the right length anchor so as to be able to secure tightly.Measuring the thickness of the base material will help you to determine the length of the anchor needed for your project. What is the thickness of base material?.Age and manufacturing standards for the material will result in different failure points for each anchor. Resistance to stress will vary based on the density and thickness of the base material.concrete, brick, concrete block, and stone. High Density - significant resistance to stress, i.e.plaster, tile fiberboard and particle board. Medium Density - moderate resistance to stress, i.e.Low Density - weak resistance to stress, i.e.There are three degrees of density and strength of base materials:.
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What is the density of the base material?.In soft brick, a draw-up anchor, such as a sleeve anchor or machine screw anchor, is recommended. In hard brick anchors with low-impact and/or low-torque are recommended. Brick or Mortar: Like stone, brick and mortar range from hard (brittle) to soft.Although most anchors are not tested in stone, you may still be able to successfully anchor to it. Stone: Since there are a large variety and different types of stone that occur naturally, first identify the hardness and characteristics of the stone, then match them up with the type of anchor needed.Solid Concrete: Exhibits the highest pull-out resistance, but may have limitations due to steel bars, cable or wire mesh embedded in the concrete.Solid Core - concrete, brick and mortar, stone, solid cinder block and wood. Exhibits relatively high pull-out depending on the compressive strength of the block. Hollow Core Concrete Block: Commonly used in basements and commercial properties.Exhibits relatively good pull-out resistance. Plaster and Lath: Thin wooden strips (lath) nailed to the studs or ceiling beams with low-density plaster applied over them.Exhibits relatively low pull-out resistance. Drywall: A low-density material formed between sheets of paper and used primarily for covering studded walls and ceilings.Hollow Core - drywall, plasterboard, sheetrock, particle board, wafer board, plywood, plaster and lath, tile, glass, metal, fiberglass, plastic and concrete block. Is your base material solid or hollow core?.Density and Strength of the Base Material.Determining the properties of your base material will allow you to safely and successfully anchor your fixture. Every type of base material has its own limitations and advantages.What are the characteristics of the base material?.